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Table of contents:
DIAGNOSIS:
1. APPLICATIONS OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN LIVER IMAGING: AN OVERVIEW; Amir. H. Khandani
INTRODUCTION
METASTATIC LIVER DISEASE
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
GALL BLADDER CARCINOMA
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
THERAPY MONITORING
REFERENCES
2. LOCALIZED FIBROUS TUMOR OF THE LIVER: IMAGING FEATURES; Thomas Moser and Tereza S. Nogueira
INTRODUCTION
METHODS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
3. A RADIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING METHOD FOR IMAGING ABDOMINAL NEOPLASMS; Maria I. Altbach
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUES FOR T2-WEIGHTED IMAGING
LESION CHARACTERIZATION WITH T2-WEIGHTED IMAGING
RADIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING METHODS: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR REDUCING MOTION ARTIFACTS AND IMPROVING IMAGE QUALITY
RADIAL FAST SPIN-ECHO, A NEW ALTERNATIVE FOR T2 MAPPING OF THE LIVER
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
4. LIVER: HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Yuji Baba, Yasuyuki Yamashita, Kazuo Awai and Koichi Kawanaka
INTRODUCTION
DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY USING MULTIDETECTOR
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Tumors Arising in Liver Cirrhosis
Tumor Arising in Noncirrhotic Liver or in Oncologic Patients
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Computed Tomography During Arterial Protography
Computed Tomography During Hepatic Angiography
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Supraparamagnetic Iron Oxide
REFERENCES
RESECTABLE LIVER CANCER
DIAGNOSIS:
5. SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR RESECTION OF HEPATIC COLORECTAL METASTASES: 18F- FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE/POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; Rebecca Auer and Yuman Fong
INTRODUCTION
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCANNING AS A
STAGING MODALITY TO COMPLEMENT CONVENTIONAL
IMAGING
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN FOR THE DETECTION OF EXTRAHEPATIC DISEASE
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN FOR THE DETECTION OF INTRAHEPATIC DISEASE
VALUE OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) CORRELATED TO PROGNOSTIC CLINICAL RISK SCORE (CRS)
POSITIVE IMPACT OF POSITRON EMISSION (PET) ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER METASTASES
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER METASTASES
OUTCOME OF PATIENTS SELECTED FOR HEPATIC RESECTION
FOLLOWING [18F]FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE-POSITRON
EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (FDG-PET)
STANDARD UPTAKE (SUV) AND PREDICTING PROGNOSIS OR RESPONSE TO THERAPY
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCANNING FOR SURVEILLANCE AND FOLLOW-UP
THE ROLE OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPGY (PET) IN FOLLOW-UP POST HEPATIC RESECTION
ALGORITHM TO INCLUDE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
SCANNING IN WORK-UP OF HEPATIC COLORECTAL METASTASES
REFERENCES
TREATMENT
6. ULTRASONOGRAPHY DURING LIVER SURGERY; Guido Torzilli
INTRODUCTION
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
COLORECTAL CANCER LIVER METASTASES
Tumor Location
Resection Guidance and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Systematic Segmentectomy
Puncture of the Portal Branch
Hooking of the Portal Branch
Comparison of the Portal Branch
Limited Resection
Parenchymal Dissection
Postresectional Control
LIVER METASTASES
Definition of the Resection Area
Liver Dissection and Postresectional Control
REFERENCES
UNRESECTABLE LIVER CANCER
TREATMENT
7. INTRAOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF HEPATIC TUMORS; Oliver F. Bathe and Houman Mahallati
INTRODUCTION
RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION AS A TREATMENT FOR LIVER TUMORS
Principles of Radiofrequency Ablation
Indication
Outcomes Associated with Radiofrequency Ablation
Alternative Ablative Techniques
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MONITORING THE ABLATION ENDPOINT
Impedence and Temperature
Ultrasound
DEFINING THE EXTENT OF THERMAL INJURY BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Thermal Injury
Enhancing the Definition of Extent of Thermal Injury
Potential Utility of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
INTRAOPERTIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AS AN ADJUNCT TO RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
Rationale
Technical Devlopments
Potential Indications
Conduct of Introperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Radiofrequency
Ablation
Future Developments
REFERENCES
8. SURGICALLY UNRESECTABLE AND CHEMOTHERAPY-
REFRACTORY METASTATIC LIVER CARCINOMA: TREATMENT WITH YTTRIUM-90
MICROSPHERE FOLLOWED BY ASSESSMENT WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; Ching-Yee Oliver Wong
INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT USING POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Y-90 MICROSPHERE RADIOEMBOLZATION
CLINICAL RESULTS
REFERENCES
PROGNOSIS
9. UNRESECTABLE LIVER METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER: METHODOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS WITH RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; Junji Machi
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
PROGNOSIS USING RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION: OUR STUDY
Patients and Methods
Unresectability of Tumors
Preoperative and Intraoperative Evaluation
Radiofrequency Ablation Methods
Postoperative Follow-Up
Short-Term Results
Long-Term Results
CURRENT ROLE OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
REFERENCES
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
DIAGNOSIS
10. SCREENING WITH ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF PATIENTS AT
HIGH-RISK FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: THROMBOCYTOPENIA AS A VALID
SURROGATE OF CIRRHOSIS; Sheng-Nan Lu, Jing-Houng Wang, Kwong-Ming Kee, and Po-Lin Tseng
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Cirrhosis
BENEFIT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SCREENING
REFERENCES
11. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: CONTRAST-ENHANCED SONOGRAPHY; Byung Ihn Choi and Se Hyung Kim
INTRODUCTION
PHYSICS OF MICROBUBBLES
CONTRAST-ENHANCED COLOR DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY
CONTRAST-ENHANCED POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY
CONTRAST-ENHANCED HARMONIC POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY
CONTRAST-ENHANCED PULSE-INVERSION HARMONIC SONOGRAPHY
CONTRAST-ENHANCED CODED HARMONIC SONOGRAPHY
CONTRAST-ENHANCED AGENT DETECTION IMAGING
LOW MECHANICAL INDEX IMAGING
CONTRAST-ENHANCED SONOGRAPHY IN ASSESSING THE
THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
REFERENCES
12. FOCAL LIVER LESION: NONLINEAR CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IMAGING; Vincenzo Migaleddu and Giuseppe Virgilio
INTRODUCTION
HARMONIC IMAGING: BASIC PRINCIPLES
PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
NONLINEAR CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONS
CHARACTERIZATION OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONS
Enhancement Patterns of Benign Focal Lesions
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
FATTY LIVER
REGENERATIVE NODULE
CYST
ADENOMA
ABSCESS
INFLAMMATORY PSEUDO TUMORS
ENHANCEMENT PATTERNS OF MALIGNANT FOCAL LESIONS
Dysplastic Nodule, Early and Advanced
Hepatocellular Lesions
LIVER METASTASES
Hypovascular Metastases
Hypervascular Metastases
Cholangiocarcinoma
RARE MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
DETECTION OF FOCAL LIVER LESIONS
INCIDENTAL DETECTION OF HEPATIC FOCAL LESION
STAGING AND FOLLOW-UP OF ONCOLOGIC PATIENTS
SURVEILLANCE FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
MONITORING OF PERCUTANEOUS ABLATIVE TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
13. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Bachir Taouli
INTRODUCTION
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TECHNIQUE
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING APPEARANCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TISSUE-SPECIFIC CONTRAST AGENTS
ATYPICAL APPEARANCES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
NEW PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
14. EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: CORRELATION WITH RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS; Masayuki Kanematsu, Richard C. Semelka, and Shinji Osada
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF RIOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR, ITS VASCULATURE, AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION
CORRELATION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS IN HEPATOCELLULAR
CARCINOMA IN PRIOR REPORTS
OUR PREVIOUS RESEARCH WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
MAGNETIC
RESONANCE AND COMPUTED TOMOGRPAHIC DATA CORRELATED TO VASCULAR
ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOTTING
REFERENCES
15. DETECTION OF SMALL HEPATIC LESION: SUPER PARAMAGNETIC OXIDE-ENHANCED DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED T2 FSE IMAGING; Shigeru Kiryu and Kuni Ohtomo
INTRODUCTION
SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE-ENHANCED MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING FOR SUPPRESSION OF SIGNAL FROM HEPATIC VESSELS
PERIODICALLY ROTATED OVERLAPPING PARALLEL LINES WITH ENHANCED RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
SPIO-ENHANCED DW1 T2 FSE IMAGING USING PROPELLER
REFERENCES
16. DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: MULTIDETECTOR-ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Hiromitsu Onishi, Takamichi Murakami, and Hironobu Nakamura
INTRODUCTION
MULTIDETECTOR-ROW HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
The Scanning Technique
CONTRAST ADMINISTRATION FOR DYNAMIC MULTIDETECTOR-ROW HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Administration Dose of Contrast Material
Iodine Concentration of Contrast Material
Injection Flow Rate and Duration of Contrast Material
OPTICAL SCANNING DELAY
Scanning Timing
Image Processing
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Magnetic Resonance Scanning Technique
Contrast-Enhanced Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Tissue-Specific Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING FEATURES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Computer Tomographic Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Accuracy for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Transcatherter Arterial
Chemoembolization
Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy
LIMITATIONS, PROSPECTS AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
17. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: EFFECT OF INJECTION-RATE/INJECTION-DURATION OF CONTRAST MATERIAL ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; Tomoaki Ichikawa and Tsutomu Araki
INTRODUCTION
FIXED INJECTION RATE AND INJECTION DURATION OF CONTRAST MATERIAL
Fixed Injection Rate of Contrast Material
Fixed Injection Duration of Contrast Material
REFERENCES
18. DETECTION OF COMBINED HEPATOCELLULAR AND CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS: ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; Akihiro Nishie and Yoshimitsu Kengo
INTRODUCTION
PATHOGENESIS
ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
REFERENCES
19. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ADENOMATOUS
HYPERPLASIA (DYSPLASTIC NODULES): DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/ ANGIOGRAPHY; Kenichi Takayasu
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF NODULAR HEPATOCELLULAR LESIONS
PATHOLOGY
OF ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA, ATYPICAL ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA, EARLY
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, AND NODULE-IN NODULE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
MULTISTEP PROGRESSION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS NEEDLE BIOPSY
METHODS OF MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
METHODS OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/ ANGIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF ADVANCED
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF EARLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA AND TYPICAL ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES OF NODULE-IN-NODULE
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
NATURAL OUTCOME OF HYPOATTENUATING NODULAR LESIONS
CRITICAL CONSIDERATION TO TREAT HYPOATTENUATING LESIONS
REFERENCES
20. HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS: RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING; Francesca Lodato, N. Davies, D. Yu, and Andrew K. Burroughs
INTRODUCTION
THE EASL CONSENSUS STATEMENTS AND AASLD GUIDELINES
SURVEILLANCE FOR HCC: RADIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
ULTRASONOGRAPHY (US), DOPPLER-ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRPAHY
SPIRAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
THE PROBLEM OF SMALL NODULES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
TREATMENT
21. TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH THALIDOMIDE: ASSESSMENT WITH POWER DOPPLER ULTRASOUND; Chiun Hsu, Chiung-Nien Chen, and Ann-Lii Cheng
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
EVALUATION OF TUMOR VASCULARITY USING POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY
EVALUATION OF VASCULAR RESPONSE OF HCC TO THALIDOMIDE WITH POWER DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY: A PERSPECTIVE STUDY
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF IMAGING FOR EVALUATION OF ANTIANGIOGENESIS THERAPY
REFERENCES
22. PERFUSION SCINTIGRAPHY WITH INTEGRATED SINGLE
PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE
MANAGEMENT OF TRANSARTERIAL TREATMENT OF HEPATIC MALIGNANCIES; Timm Denecke, Bert Hildebrandt, and Enrique Lopez-Hänninen
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT STATUS OF HEPATIC ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOEMBOLIZATION
Intraarterial Chemotherapy
Transrectal Radioembolization
TECHNIQUE OF TRANSARTERIAL TREATMENT
Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy
Radioembolization
VISUALIZATION OF PERFUSION TERRITORIES OF HEPATIC INTRAARTERIAL CATHETERS IN PLANNING AND CONTROL OF TRANSARTERIAL TREATMENT
Imaging Techniques
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography with Integrated Computed Tomography
Image Analysis
Therapeutic Consequences
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
23. POSTOPERATIVE INTERFERON ALPHA TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: EXPRESSION OF p48 USING TISSUE MICROARRAY; Hui-Chuan Sun
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tissue Microarray and Immunohistochemistry
Scoring of p48 Immunohistochemisty
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
PROGNOSIS
24. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: OVEREXPRESSION OF HOMEOPROTEIN SIX 1 AS A MARKER FOR PREDICTING SURVIVAL; Kevin Tak-Pan Ng and Kwan Man
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell lines
Clinical samples
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Western Blot
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
25. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: KISS-1 OVEREXPRESSION AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR; Katharina Schmid, Isabella Mosberger, and Fritz Wrba
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
METHODS
Immunohistochemistry
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
26. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: PROGNOSIS USING HEPATOMA- DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; Hideji Nakamura, Kenya Yoshida, and Yasuhiko Tomita
HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR
Developmentally regulated expression of Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor
Role in Hepatocarcinogenesis
Role in Cancer Progression and Angiogenesis
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
Materials
Method
EVALUATION OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR
EXPRESSION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
REFERENCES
27. HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: PREDICTIVE MARKERS USING PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS (METHODOLOGY); Yasuhiro Kuramitsu and Kazuyuki Nakamura
HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR
CARCINOMA PROTEOMICS
PROTEOMICS FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA TISSUES
Proteomics for sera from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Proteomics for Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Tissues (Methods)
Increased Protein Expression
Decreased Protein Expression
PROTEOMICS FOR AUTO-ANTIBODIES IN THE SERA OF HEPATOCELLULAR PATIENTS
REFERENCES
METASTASES
DIAGNOSIS
28. LIVER METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER: ULTRASOUND IMAGING; Sóren R. Rafaelsen
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASOUND SCANNING TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC HEPATIC ULTRASOUND
GRAYSCALE ECHO PATTERN
DETECTION OF LIVER METASTASES
DOPPLER FLOW PATTERN
ULTRASOUND IN POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP
FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS
REFERENCES
29. PRECLINICAL LIVER METASTASES: THREE- DIMENSIONAL HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND FOR IMAGING; Kevin C. Graham, Lauren A. Wirtzfeld, James C. Lacefield and Ann F. Chambers
INTRODUCTION
METHD: HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND
HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF PRECLINICAL LIVER METASTASES
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND
IMAGING TO PRECLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS- ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS
REFERENCES
30. COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES: 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; François-René Pruvot, Stéphanie Truant, and Damien Huglo
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF FDG-PET AND GENERAL PITFALLS
COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES: YIELD OF 18FLUORO- DEOXYGLUCOSE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Preoperative staging of patients with colorectal liver metastases
Impact of FDG-PET Findings on Patient’s Management
Postoperative follow-up after resection of colorectal liver metastases and rising Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
FDG-PET for monitoring the response to systemic oR regional therapy of colorectal liver metastases
Anticancer systemic therapy
Regional therapies
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
BILIARY CANCER
DIAGNOSIS
31. BILIARY CYSTIC TUMORS: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES; Yasuni Nakanuma, Hiroko Ikeda, Yasunori Sato, Kenichi Harada, Koichi Nakamura, and Yoh Zen
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE BILIARY TREE
NON-NEOPLASTIC BLIARY CYSTIC LESIONS
Peribiliary Cysts
Hepatic Foregut Cysts
Biliary Hamartoma
BILIARY CYSTIC NEOPLASM
Hepatobiliary Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma
Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct
Other Types of Neoplastic Cystic Cisease
REFERENCES
32. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: INTRADUCTAL SONOGRAPHY; Kazuo Inui, Hironao Miyoshi, and Junji Yoshino
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Instrumentation
Insert methods
Indications
IMAGES AND CLINICAL UTILITY
Intraductal Sonography
Three-Dimensional Intraductal Sonography
Dual Plane Reconstruction Images
Oblique Reconstruction Images
Diagnostic Accuracy for Cancer Extension
Volume Measurement of Tumors
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
PROGNOSIS
33. EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CARCINOMA: ROLE OF P53 PROTEIN; Alex I. Zaika and Seung-Mo Hong
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Pathology
Prognosis
Role of p53 in malignant tumors of the bile duct
Analysis of p53 mutations
Roles of p73 and p63 in malignant tumors of the bile duct
Analyses of p63 and p73 in tumors
REFERENCES
34. EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CARCINOMA: MUCIN 4, A POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTOR; Michiyo Higashi, Shugo Tamada, Kohji Nagata, Masamichi Goto, and Suguru Yonezawa
INTRODUCTION
MUCIN CHARACTERISTICS
MUC 4 MUCIN
ANTIBODIES AGAINST MUC 4
MUC 1 MUCIN
ANTIBODIES AGAINST MUC 1
METHODS
Tissue Sample Management
Immunohistochemistry
REFERENCES
TREATMENT
35. HILAR CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND STENTING; Marcus Wiedmann, Joachim Mössner, and Helmut Witzigmann
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
PREOPERATIVE BILIARY DRAINAGE
PALLIATIVE BILE DUCT STENTING
PALLIATIVE STENTING OF MALIGNANT DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT)
Mechanism of Action
Contraindications for Photodynamic Therapy
Photosensitizers
Photodynamic Therapy of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Photodynamic Therapy for Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Treatment of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Future Directions of Photodynamic Therapy for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
REFERENCES
SPLENIC CANCER
DIAGNOSIS
36. SPLENIC METASTASES: DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; Eva Compérat and Frédéric Charlotte
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGIC FEATURES
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
REFERENCES