1. INTRODUCTION : GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS

M.A. Hayat

GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS (GISTs)
GASTRIC CANCER
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
TREATMENTS
REFERENCES

2. METASTATIC GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER: SAFETY OF CISPLATIN COMBINED WITH CONTINUOUS 5- FLUOROURACIL VERSUS BOLUS 5- FLUOROURACIL AND LEUCOVORIN (METHODOLOGY)

Jacqueline Duffour, Oliver Bouche, Philippe Rougier, Chantal Milan, Laurent Bedenne, Jean-Francois Seitz, Bruno Buecher, Jean-Lois Legoux, Michel Ducreux, Denis Vetter, Jean-Luc Raoul, Eric Francois, and Marc Ychou

INTRODUCTION
PATIENTS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

3. GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER: ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION (METHODOLOGY)

Atsushi Imagawa

INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS
METHOD AND DISCUSSION
Setting of a High-Frequency Generator
Complications
Esophageal and Colorectal Lesions
REFERENCES

4. GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS: ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION (METHODOLOGY)

Mitsuhiro Fujishiro

INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION
ENDOSCOPIC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
Marking Around the Lesion
Submucosal Injection
Bleeding
Perforation
Management After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES

5. INOPERABLE ABDOMINO-PELVIC TUMORS: TREATMENT WITH RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION AND SURGICAL DEBULKING

Nathan W. Pearlman

INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE
PATIENT POPULATION AND RESULTS
REFERENCES

6. GASTROINTESTINAL NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS: DIAGNOSIS USING GASTRIN RECEPTOR SCINTIGRAPHY

Martin Gotthardt, Thomas M. Behr, and Martin Béhé

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Symptoms, Clinical Appearance, Therapy, and Prognosis
Diagnostic Imaging Procedures
Potential Improvement of Scintigraphic Imaging of NET by Using
Alternative Radiopeptides
RADIOPEPTIDE SCANNING VERSUS ANATOMICAL IMAGING
MODALITIES
RADIOLABELED PEPTIDES: DEVELOPMENT, ADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS
MINIGASTRIN FOR DETECTING METASTASIZED NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
Cholecystokinine 2 (CCK2) Receptor Expression
Labeling
Scanning Protocol
Biodistribution of MG
Clinical Imaging in Neuroendocrine Tumors
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF DGlu1-MINIGASTRIN
REFERENCES

PART II: ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

7. DISTAL ESOPHAGUS: EVALUATION OF 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FUSION IMAGING

Domenico Rubello and Cristina Nanni

INTRODUCTION
18F-FDG-PET AND PET/CT IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Positivity Criteria
Staging
Disease Relapse
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY RESPONSE
18F-FDG-PET/CT VERSUS OTHER TECHNIQUES
PET/CT AND OTHER RADIOTRACERS
REFERENCES

8. ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND AND STAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Kanwar R.S. Gill and Timothy Woodward

OBJECTIVES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE AND TNM CLASSIFICATION
ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION
IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING PRIMARY TUMOR (T STAGING)
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING NODAL METASTASIS
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING DISTANCE METASTASIS
RESTAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER AFTER CHEMORADIATION
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
COMPLICATIONS AND SAFETY
REFERENCES

9. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: ROLE OF RNASEN PROTEIN AND MICRO-RNA IN PROGNOSIS

Hideyuki Ishiguro, Yoshiyuki Kuwabara, Nobuyoshi Sugito, and Yoshitaka Fujii

INTRODUCTION
REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION ANALYSIS USING TaqMan PROBES
Isolation of RNA from Tumor Samples and Reverse Transcription Reaction
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Using TaqMan Probes
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF RNASEN
REFERENCES

10. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: INITIAL STAGING

Lana Y. Schumacher, Nicole B. Baril, and Sherry M. Wren

INTRODUCTION
PREOPERATIVE STAGING MODALITIES
PRIMARY TUMOR (T STAGE)
REGIONAL LYMPH NODE (N STAGE)
METASTATIC DISEASE (M STAGE)
THORACOSCOPIC AND LAPAROSCOPIC STAGING
RESTAGING AFTER NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
TREATMENT OVERVIEW
REFERENCES

PART III: GASTRIC CANCER

11. AUTOMATED DISEASE CLASSIFICATION OF COLON AND GASTRIC HISTOLOGICAL SAMPLES BASED ON DIGITAL MICROSCOPY AND ADVANCED IMAGE ANALYSIS

Levente Ficsor and Bela Molnar

INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Samples
Digitizing of Glass Slides
Developer Tools
Detection of Cells, Tissue Components, and Structures
Cell Detection of Tissue Components and Measuring of Tissue Specific Parameters
Gland Detection
Epithelium Detection
Feature Determination and Measurement
Determination of Tissue Cytometric Parameters
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
Gastric Samples
Colon Samples
Results Visualized by Virtual Microscopy
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

12. EARLY GASTRIC CANCER: PREDICTION OF METACHRONOUS RECURRENCE USING ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION (METHODOLOGY)

Hiroshi Yokozaki, Tadateru Hasuo, Shin-ya Satake, Yasuhiro Omori, Naoko Maeda, Korefumi Nakamura, and Shuho Semba

INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
Facilities for Processing of Histopathological Specimens
Thermal Cycler for Polymerase Chain Reaction
Automated DNA Sequencer with Fragment Analysis Software
PROCEDURE
DNA Extraction
Microsatellite Assay
Immunohistochemistry
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES

13. HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INFECTED NEOPLASTIC GASTRIC EPITHELIUM: EXPRESSION OF MUCIN2 AS A BIOMARKER

Halagowder Devaraj, A. Anand Kumar, and Niranjali Devaraj

INTRODUCTION
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF GASTRIC CANCER
CELL AND TISSUE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF MUCINS
MOLECULAR GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND MUCIN EXPRESSION AS
INDICATORS OF MOLECULAR LESIONS
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUC2 EXPRESSION AND EARLY
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF GASTRIC CANCER
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF
MUC2
REFERENCES

14. GASTRIC CANCER: ROLE OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA BY HISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION USING BIOPSY SPECIMENS

Akiko Shiotani, Ken Haruma, and David Y. Graham

INTRODUCTION
DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
Detection of Intestinal Metaplasia
Classification of Intestinal Metaplasia
RELATION OF MUC EXPRESSION AND TYPE OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
GRADING ON INTESTINAL METAPLASIA USING BIOPSY SPECIMENS
ASSESSMENT OF ATROPHY
PATHOGENESIS OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
GASTRIC CANCER AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
CDX2 EXPRESSION IN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
CDX2 in Gastric Cancer
HISTOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR INCREASED RISK FOR GASTRIC CANCER
ERADICATION OF H. PYLORI AND FUTURE STUDIES
REFERENCES

15. GASTRIC CANCER: ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF RUNX3

Zhihai Peng and Keping Xie

INTRODUCTION
RUNX3 AS A GASTRIC CANCER SUPPRESSOR
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY OF RUNX3
Regulation of Cell Growth
Regulation of Apoptosis
Regulation of Cell Differentiation
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Metastasis
MATERIALS
METHODS
REFERENCES

16. EARLY GASTRIC CANCER: LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRECTOMY (METHODOLOGY)

Seigo Kitano, Kazuhiro Yasuda, and Norio Shiraishi

INTRODUCTION
CURRENT STATUS OF LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRECTOMY FOR CANCER IN JAPAN
INDICATIONS FOR LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRECTOMY FOR EARLY
GASTRIC CANCER
LAPAROSCOPY-ASSISTED DISTAL GASTRECTOMY
Patient Positioning and Operating Room Setup
Equipment
Port Placement
Surgical Procedure
LAPAROSCOPY-ASSISTED PROXIMAL GASTRECTOMY
Surgical Procedure
REFERENCES

17. GASTRIC CANCER: OVEREXPRESSION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR

Yoshihiro Kakeji, Eiji Oki, Noriaki Sadanaga, Masaru Morita, and Yoshihiko Maehara

INTRODUCTION
HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1
HIF-1 Signaling Pathway
HIF-1 Regulated Products
HIF-1 in Tumor
HIF-1 in Gastric Cancer
HIF Targeted Therapeutics
REFERENCES

PART IV: PANCREATIC CANCER

18. PANCREATIC CANCER: HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR

Yasuhiko Tomita, Ryo Maruyama, Toshiyuki Itoi, and Vladimir Bilim

HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR MOLECULE
Role in Carcinogenesis and Progression
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND ANALYTICAL
Materials
Method
EVALUATION OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL CANCER
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL CANCER AND OTHER CANCERS
REFERENCES

19. PANCREATIC CANCER: 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AS A PROGNOSTIC PARAMETER

Tatsuya Higashi

INTRODUCTION
PREDICTING MALIGNANT POTENTIAL OR AGGRESSIVENESS
IMPROVING ACCURACY IN THE EVALUATION OF CLINICAL STAGING
MONITORING THERAPEUTIC EFFECT
REFERENCES

20. IMAGING AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF PECULIAR HISTOLOGIC VARIANTS OF PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE TUMORS

Nobuyuki Ohike, Masaaki Kawahara, Manabu Takahashi, Ayako Sugihara, Takehiko Gokan, and Toshio Morohoshi

INTRODUCTION
CASE 1
Imaging Findings
Pathologic Findings
CASE 2
Imaging Findings
Pathologic Findings
DISCUSSION
Oncocytic
Rhabdoid
Clear Cell
The Three Peculiar PETs
REFERENCES

21. PERIAMPULLARY ADENOCARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND SURVIVAL AFTER PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY

Kanika A. Bowen and Taylor S. Riall

INTRODUCTION
RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
STAGING
PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY
SURVIVAL
ADJUVANT THERAPY
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
UNDERUTILIZATION OF SURGICAL RESECTION
REFERENCES

22. UNRESECTABLE LOCALLY ADVANCED PANCREATIC CANCER: CONCURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY

Ender Kurt, Meral Kurt, Turkkan Evrensel, Lutfi Ozkan, and Osman Manavoglu

INTRODUCTION
TREATMENT OF LOCALLY ADVANCED PANCREATIC CANCER
Radiotherapy
Concurrent Chemotherapy
Novel Approaches
CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES